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Social Well-being requires connections between people and safe healthy interactions, physical and mental health, child development and parenting, healthy lifestyle choices. It is also concerned with demographic changes and their impact on communities and individuals. Participation in community activities and volunteering also form a key element of social well-being which comes through strongly in the engagement work we have carried out to inform this assessment.
- Current Social Assets and Challenges
- Expected Social Change: Opportunities and Risks
- What people have said
- Opportunities for targeted interventions
- Topics in this Theme
Safe communities and individuals (see our ‘cohesive communities’ well-being goal summary for further information).
Compared to other parts of the UK, both local authority areas have low rates of crime and anti-social behaviour, although in the case of Denbighshire there are pockets with higher rates within parts of Rhyl. For both local authority areas domestic violence remains a key challenge in relation to personal safety. Exploitation of individuals and groups, especially those that have experience adverse childhood experiences), is a common feature across the counties (priorities for policing include organised drug supply, child sexual abuse, modern slavery, domestic abuse, hate crime, missing persons, fraud (including cyber-crime), driving under the influence, and rape and serious sexual offences).
Building on work at the national level our assessment recognises that giving children the best start in life, protecting them and preventing Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) as much as possible is a key to well-being. Adverse Childhood Experiences in particular can damage a child’s chances for living a good life. A tough start can affect physical and mental health, resilience and well-being. This in turn affects educational achievement, employability, risks of getting into the criminal justice system, use of health and social care services and risk of early parenthood and continuing the intergenerational cycle of disadvantage.
Online safety and misinformation
As well as the social and economic opportunities offered by digital technologies, there are some negative aspects around online safety which are increasingly causing concern, and which public authorities, providers of technology and society as a whole are still developing means of dealing with. These include controlling access to inappropriate content for children and young people, on-line grooming (including radicalisation), cyber-bullying, trolling and online fraud/identity theft.
Online fraud and identity theft are also particular areas of concern. Though these are new twists on longstanding criminal activity, as with cyberbullying the growth on new technology means that these forms of abuse are now potentially everywhere, all the time.
In recent times, misinformation, or ‘fake news’, and social media have presented serious challenges to governments, businesses and people themselves. Examples include anti-vax campaigns, electoral tampering, ‘Covid is a hoax’ campaigns. Fake news is designed to undermine trust and confidence in democracy and public institutions. The World Health Organisation has started to refer to this as an ‘infodemic’, where there is “too much information including false or misleading information in digital and physical environments during a disease outbreak.” In relation to the Covid-19 pandemic, the WHO has developed guidelines to ensure successful ‘infodemic management’, which involves ensuring consistent and factual information is disseminated appropriately.[1] We do not currently have evidence to fully understand to what extent misinformation is causing people anxiety, or affecting Covid-19 vaccine uptake for example.
Resilient communities
Ensuring communities are resilient in the face of extreme weather events, notably flooding and extreme heat, is a major challenge. As well as efforts to prevent and reduce environmental damage, adaptation to climate change is already a pressing issue. There is still more to do to make sure that there are healthy places for people, protected from environmental risk across the areas (see our ‘resilient’ well-being goal summary for further information). People living in those areas described as experiencing concentrated deprivation are also communities at risk of flooding, they may also be more likely to experience food poverty, and are less likely to benefit from energy improvements. In short, they will be more likely to be affected by climate change than more affluent groups and communities, who tend to rely less on public services that could also be disrupted due to climate change.
Housing
While cohesive communities are based around people, attitudes and opportunities to access quality accommodation is a necessary pre-requisite and a key factor in community and individual well-being. Good quality, affordable housing can directly improve people’s well-being. Delivering affordable and high-quality new housing in the right locations, density and design creates opportunities for growing food, for outdoor play and learning, integration with existing services and infrastructure, proximity to public transport, green active travel routes, and access to biodiverse, high quality green and blue space and nature. Existing housing stock can be retrofitted to improve energy efficiency and reduce fuel poverty as well as being adaptable to meet changing needs of the household. Investing in energy efficient homes lowers energy use, reduces overall energy demand in the economy and makes individual households, and Wales, more resilient to fuel price fluctuations.
While the expansion in the house building programme has been meeting need local housing needs, there is a risk that continued growth could undermine environmental resilience and a sense of ‘place’ with a local identity.
Infrastructure
A person’s physical environment, including access to green space, plays a key role in personal well-being. Human health depends on ecosystem services that include food and fresh water; regulation of climate, floods and disease; opportunities for physical activity; for living, learning, working and playing and for aesthetic and cultural enrichment. Living or working in a poor local environment is not just unsightly (for example due to litter, dog fouling, fly-tipping, graffiti and even poor air quality), it can have an impact on physical and mental health. It may also impact how much investment an area attracts, levels of antisocial behaviour and can even impact on local democracy.
Transport and digital connectivity are set to continue as barriers for some people for the long term. Over the next five to 10 years, those with fewer than 100 mbps could be considered ‘left behind’. Online safety and misinformation will be a concern for communities and services alike.
It is also important to note the potential impact of growing tourism on infrastructure, including housing, and tourism should be sustainable and not impact negatively on our communities and our natural resources.
Poverty and inequality
There are a range of factors (or drivers) that result in poor well-being, and well-being inequality, i.e. inequality that differs between groups or across areas. Using national well-being data, we can see that currently, all local authority areas in Wales have well-being inequality. Incomes, rurality, engagement in culture and heritage, access to green space, life expectancy, long-term illness or disability, housing, education and so on, all impact upon a person’s well-being. What is more, people may often possess overlapping identities or multiple protected characteristics, for example disabled, LGBTQ+ older people or socio-economically disadvantaged and Gypsy, Roma and Traveller groups. This is often described as ‘intersectionality’. Data is not available nationally nor locally to assess how intersectionality impacts well-being.
Welsh Government research[2] indicates that certain groups are more likely to experience poverty.[3]
“…socio-economic deprivation is highly intersectional. Deprivation interacts with protected characteristics, and certain communities of interest and communities of place may also experience worse outcomes in many areas. This intersectionality between deprivation and other characteristics can be thought of as a web, where different areas connect, compounding and exacerbating each other. This makes it no surprise that poverty can quickly become cyclical, or thought of as a trap that is difficult to escape. Unfortunately, disentangling this web is a complex, multifaceted issue that demands work from a wide range of stakeholders.“[4]
Conwy and Denbighshire have areas with high levels of multiple deprivation. People living within these areas have poorer outcomes than other groups in employment, income, health, housing, community safety, access and the environment. Poverty, and particular income poverty are not confined to these areas and incidence of household income poverty and child poverty exist scattered throughout the area. Health inequalities, associated with poverty and deprivation have been clearly demonstrated in further public health research.
Overall, the root cause of well-being inequality appears to be poverty. Specifically, its associated relationship with factors such as very poor health, being disabled, workless, having no or only a basic education, being single, separated, widowed or divorced, renting or being middle aged. People living in the most deprived areas not only have a shorter lifespan, but also spend less of it in good health. Despite overall increases in life expectancy, the gap between the proportion of life expected to be spent in good health in the most and least deprive areas has shown no clear sign of reducing in the last 10 years.
People in persistent poverty are at particular risk of having poor physical and mental health; and children, especially, are at an increased risk of mental health problems, obesity and long standing illness. The poor diet of people in poverty is largely the result of socio-economic disadvantage, not poor choices. Poverty is one factor that can lead to the poor health and unhealthy choices of those living in the most deprived areas as they have a limited range of options available to them due to low incomes and the stress associated with poor conditions.
There are significant health inequalities affecting the lives of people living in Conwy County Borough and Denbighshire. The wider determinants of health such as housing (in terms of quality and supply), education, employment and environment may contribute to less healthy lives.[5] Health impacting behaviours such as smoking, drinking/substance misuse, poor diet, and a lack of physical activity are also influenced by mental well-being, which can be low if these determinants are poor.
Whilst the long term resilience of groups with poorer personal well-being and less favourable outcomes is currently unclear, without intervention, some small communities are likely to continue living with factors associated with deep rooted deprivation.
The effects of the Covid-19 pandemic have not affected everyone equally, and have, in particular, resulted in significant impacts for people’s physical and mental health, and well-being more generally. Those over 65 years old have been particularly affected, as have males, people from ethnic minorities and those from deprived backgrounds.[6] Worsening mental health is more likely to be seen in those most affected by the virus. This is a particular concern for certain groups, including young people, people from low-income urban households and Black, Asian and minority ethnic groups, who may be more likely to live in overcrowded homes and poor quality-environments, and to lack access to green spaces.
This is discussed in more detail in our ‘A more Equal Wales’ summary.
A person’s physical environment, including access to green space, plays a key role; with poor health associated with homelessness, poor quality accommodation and fuel poverty. By the same token poverty, unemployment and personal safety, all affect a person’s physical and mental health.
We see high levels obesity, alcohol consumption and smoking that are common throughout the Western World. There is some evidence of concentrations of particular poor lifestyle choices among certain geographical communities and among people from particular backgrounds or with particular characteristics although further work is required to develop a firmer understanding. The key assets for tackling these issues are those facilities and outdoor activities that promote active lifestyles and the public health interventions and services focused on smoking cessation, drugs and alcohol.
Good health is critical to overall personal well-being and can have a direct impact on the wide well-being of individuals and communities. Unfortunately, health and well-being in North Wales are not showing a wholly positive trajectory. The main factors that contribute to poor health and wellbeing are deteriorating rather than improving and social and health care use is increasing not decreasing.[7]
The demographic evidence we have gathered highlights some key considerations. Assuming the intention of sustaining balanced communities that meet the needs of all ages and promote good intergenerational relations; we need to consider the differing needs at different life stages.
The aging population, which is testament to people living longer – a positive trend – is expected to need support to retain their independence and allow access to services and prevent social isolation. Certain areas in both counties tend to have a higher proportion of older people, such as the “East” and “North” sub-areas of Conwy County Borough and Prestatyn in Denbighshire.
Outmigration of local young people is set to be a continuing trend. Economic and educational opportunities, along with affordable accommodation have been identified as key factors in retaining and attracting young people to the area.
Both Conwy and Denbighshire have large populations over the age of 65 and therefore already experience the challenges of supporting people with age related problems such as, chronic physical and sensory diseases, dementia and falls. We have also highlighted the issue of social isolation which can be particularly damaging for older people. Our evidence also highlights the comparatively small numbers of young people residing in the two local authority areas with out-migration of local young people exacerbating this issue.
Mirroring the relatively large proportion of the population with support needs is the large proportion of the population who care for others. Unpaid carers made up 11.8% of the population in Conwy and 12.4% of the population in Denbighshire at the time of the last census.
Social isolation and loneliness
Social isolation can reduce independence and damage mental health in particular, but can also lead to problems with physical health if services such as GPs, dentists and active leisure and social opportunities are inaccessible. There are particular concerns about social isolation of young and older people throughout the two counties.[8] The rural nature of both local authority areas means that both have areas with poor access to services from a travel and transport perspective.
[1] https://www.who.int/health-topics/infodemic#tab=tab_1. Accessed 26 July 2020
[1] These were identified as:
- Lone parents had the highest rate of transient poverty and persistent poverty
- Single pensioners also had high levels of persistent poverty
- Families with two adults were less likely to experience poverty than their single-adult equivalents.
- Families with children were more likely to have experienced poverty than the equivalent family type (single or couple) without children.
- Disabled people are more likely than non-disabled people to be workless and therefore more likely to experience poverty.
- Women are more likely than men to live in single-parent households, to have low incomes, and to have only part-time work and are therefore more likely to experience poverty.
- Pakistani and Bangladeshi women are also more likely, than other women, to be workless and therefore more likely to experience poverty.
Welsh Government, 2014 https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/statistics-and-research/2019-07/140409-dynamics-low-income-en.pdf
[2] Government Social Research (2021). Implementing the Socio-economic Duty: A review of evidence on socio-economic disadvantage and inequalities of outcome
[3] Government Social Research (2021). Implementing the Socio-economic Duty: A review of evidence on socio-economic disadvantage and inequalities of outcome
[2] The wider determinants of health is one of Public Health Wales’s strategic priorities. Here’s their long-term plan and a range of publications can be accessed here.
[4] North Wales Social Care and Well-being Services Improvement Collaborative (2021), Locality Health and Social Care Needs Assessment North Wales.
[5] The data shows that twice as many younger adults say they’re lonely more than older people. Percentage of people who are lonely by age and gender (gov.wales)
Human health depends on healthy environments and ecosystem services. They include food and fresh water; regulation of climate, floods and disease; opportunities for physical activity; for living, learning, working and playing and for aesthetic and cultural enrichment.
Public Health Wales in their recent research on Rising to the Triple Challenge of Brexit, COVID-19 and Climate Change for health, well-being and equity in Wales, found that climate change can have direct and indirect impacts on health in Wales, through impacts such as air pollution on respiratory disease and extreme heat event causing excess heat related deaths and through behaviours for example, diet, nutrition, active travel and alcohol.[1]
Wales cannot work towards healthy places for people without resilient ecosystems and cannot make our ecosystems resilient without safeguarding stocks of natural resources. The potential impact of climate change and extreme weather events on public health can be negative. There is still more to do to make sure that there are healthy places for people, protected from environmental risk across the areas. See our ‘resilient’ and ‘globally responsible’ well-being goal summaries for further information.
We have seen, and expect to continue to see rising demand for health and social care services at the same time as experiencing recruitment problems in both of these key sectors (see our ‘Key employment sector – social care and health’ topic for further information). A key challenge for health and social-care sectors is dealing with the delays in operations, appointments and disruption to other routine health services caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. It will take some time to ‘catch up’. What-is-more, there is evidence to suggest that demand for mental health support in particular, has increased further following the social distancing and other restrictions placed on people’s lives since March 2020.
In this context the support needs of carers also need to be considered. Census data shows Conwy and Denbighshire have high numbers of people providing unpaid care with numbers much larger than appear to be known to health and care service providers.[2] Some smaller areas, such as Conwy’s “East” sub-area, have high levels of limiting long term illness as well as a higher proportion of unpaid carers. As people live longer, they are likely to be providing unpaid care for longer.
Over the long term, the “Inequality in a Future Wales” report states:[3]
“An ageing population will disrupt how health and social care, employment and education, and pensions operate, and these systems will need to adapt if they are to function in the long-term. Future challenges need to be tackled with the needs of all generations in mind or risk disadvantaging one at the expense of another and/or falling short of achieving ambitions. A ‘care-led recovery’ puts childcare and the care needs of older people on an equal footing with ‘green jobs’ in benefitting health, the environment and the economy.”
As a result of Covid-19 we have seen inequalities exacerbated (with people with disabilities or from Black, Asian and minority ethnic groups being more likely to die from Covid-19) and these health inequalities are likely to continue for the medium and long term. The prevalence of ‘long Covid’, the term used to describe continued symptoms of Covid-19, is likely to compound existing inequalities in the same way Covid-19 has.
Whilst the long term resilience of groups with poorer personal well-being and less favourable outcomes is currently unclear, without intervention, some small communities are likely to continue living with factors associated with ‘deep rooted deprivation’ (see our ‘more equal’ well-being goal summary for more information). This, combined with the growing impacts of climate change, is likely to mean that these same groups will feel the impacts of climate change the most as their capability to adapt and respond well will be disproportionately lower.
We will need to review our preparedness for future pandemics. As a result of Covid-19, we have learnt a great deal about the demand and capacity shortfall in our hospitals and wider health and care services (see our ‘emerging threats to health and well-being’ topic for further information). There is a clear need to have sustainable services that can respond to increases in demand for care and referrals into the health and care system. This must be done in a way that supports people to access the right level of services, which may be different from those that have been offered traditionally in the past. We have learnt that we can do things differently and we must build on the innovation and change that has benefitted us during the pandemic. There is also wider learning associated with the changes that responses to Covid-19 brought about. For example, digital health services or changes in support for homeless people, a pivot to online working etc.
It is almost certain that life will not return to how it was pre-Covid-19. Working from home, for example, is likely to continue for some or all of people’s working weeks. This has been a welcome adjustment to many, and has reduced the need to travel and enabled people to balance their home and working lives more easily. For others though, the adjustment has brought about feelings of isolation and loneliness. There may also be a loss of connectivity and innovation through reduced face to face contact. Local remote working hubs may help to address this and provides opportunities for local economies, businesses and the environment.[4]
[1] https://phw.nhs.wales/news/wales-faces-unprecedented-triple-challenge-to-health-and-wellbeing/
[2] https://www.northwalescollaborative.wales/carers/
[3] Dr Sara MacBride-Stewart & Dr Alison Parken (2021). Inequality in a Future Wales: Areas for action in work, climate and demographic change. The findings are summarised within a Summary Report and ‘Bite-size’ version with Easy Read and BSL versions available also. For those who are interested in the more detailed analysis you can access the full technical report.
People have told us they take community safety seriously and would like to see an increased police presence on foot throughout local communities, although many have praised their local areas as relatively crime free.
An interactive community voices forum, held in October 2021, to give voice to seldom heard groups, has demonstrated the importance of ensuring that a diverse range of communities are able to have their voices heard at all levels. We have been told that engagement opportunities need to be more inclusive for people who work, live in rural communities, or who may feel intimidated by attending on line session due social or language barriers. Trust and confidence are critical. We also need to work collaboratively to ensure we do not overburden the same communities with numerous requests for the same, or similar information and that we feedback regarding the actions taken on the basis of their engagement. We need to go to the communities rather than them coming to us to make sure we hear their stories. It is felt that Covid-19 has diminished community interaction, whereby some communities feel even more isolated than before the pandemic. Digital exclusion exists for communities where language, culture or social disadvantage is a common concern. There are also concerns that some may feel intimidated by attending engagement sessions online due to social or language barriers.
From our engagement with seldom heard groups, they expressed the importance of building trust and continuity within communities. They told us there is a need to celebrate and raise awareness of the things we have in common as a range of diverse communities. They highlighted the need for collaborative work to the address the reality that hatred is based on misconceptions and ignorance.
Housing support for young people was discussed at length by people; some of whom feel that rental accommodation is becoming unaffordable. They want to see improved access to good quality affordable housing, including social housing. Redevelopment of empty properties, including repurposing spaces that are no longer used (e.g. office space, dwellings above shops), in place of building new homes could be an opportunity. This could also mitigate people’s concerns that the space between towns and villages is reducing as new housing developments are built, as well as taking a cautious approach to building on green spaces by looking at other alternatives. Homelessness is seen as a factor in deprivation and so too housing quality. Poor housing has been highlighted by people as having a causal relationship with lower life expectancy.
The need to support healthy lifestyles was raised as a concern for people locally, particularly in respect of tackling obesity, through increased leisure opportunities, partnership working and by building on our active travel network. Active travel has been high on the agenda for the public as they want to see increased walking paths and cycling routes to neighbouring villages and towns. Concerns about the availability and sustainability of public transport have been raised in engagement work with the public and officers from across public services in each county. This feedback came particularly from young people and those describing themselves as ‘working class’.
Concerns were raised around the mental health of young people, in particular following the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on many areas of their lives. People are concerned about child poverty, and the extent to which the public sector is working to improve the quality of life for people and children in poverty. Child hunger is a particular concern for people and they want to understand the root causes for hunger. People also want to ensure we ask those living in deprived areas to find out what they feel would improve their lives in an attempt to ‘break the cycle’ of families being unemployed and dependent on benefits. People told us they would like to see life skills lessons or workshops in schools on subject such as managing finances, career advice, budgeting, mortgages and cooking.
People have told us how they value access to the natural environment that is safe and clean. There have been concerns around litter issues throughout the counties. People told us they value community assets like community-run shops, pubs and businesses, and they want to encourage people, including young people, to get involved in their communities.
They identified people with disabilities, including learning difficulties, and older people as people they feel should be supported, in particular to reduce feelings of isolation and loneliness. They thought that there could be ways of building generational links through younger volunteering to support older people.
People expressed their love and commitment to community groups as they connect communities and people of all ages. People want to see better support for these groups to set up and remain viable by having suitable and affordable facilities.
People would also like to see improvements in public facilities within active travel routes to promote a healthy lifestyle to all and to encourage reluctant walkers, or those who may possess a protected characteristic, such as disability.
Young people would like to see more investment in youth clubs, physical activity groups and facilities. Young people have also told us of the lack of facilities and activities that are available and affordable to them, particularly during the winter months. They would like to see more investment in youth clubs to make them more attractive with better facilities and increased publicity so young people know what they have to offer. Leisure facilities and public transport are also unaffordable to them with public transport having no concession rates for high school children over 16.
Young people would also like to be more involved with decision making and understand more about what local councils do. A suggestion was to have a community councillor or county councillors invited into schools to explain as an individual what their work involved and how they contribute to different priorities. It is felt young people would respond well to this and this type of education would build trust and understanding.
We have learnt that we can do things differently and we must build on the innovation and change that has benefitted us during the pandemic. There is also wider learning associated with the changes that responses to Covid-19 brought about. For example, digital health services or changes in support for homeless people, a pivot to online working etc.
Research from Public Health Wales shows the potential health and societal gains if childhood experiences are improved. In population terms, if there were no adverse childhood experiences, there could be 125,000 fewer smokers across Wales and some 55,000 fewer people who have ever used heroin and crack cocaine. This is cost-effective; the evidence shows that just over £100 invested in prevention of ACEs will result in over £6,000 of savings when measured across all public services over the next five years. There are a number of ways in which ACEs can be prevented or their impact lessened, including raising awareness of their importance, providing appropriate services for all families and reliable access to additional support for those who need it most. The benefits from this work points to the value of joint investments and partnerships between the NHS, local authorities and other services and agencies to effectively prevent ACEs in the future.
Given the known impacts of Covid-19 (inequality has been exacerbated, poverty and isolation has increased for some), it is possible there could be long term consequences in terms of more families experiencing domestic abuse. Given the links with adverse childhood experiences, there could be a risk more children and young people could be at risk of exploitation by organised crime. Targeting issues associated with organised crime groups and county lines needs support from across communities and partner agencies.
Public Health Wales has highlighted important themes that can guide recovery from the Covid-19 pandemic:
- the importance of good social care
- the effect of mental health due to changes in socialisation opportunities
- the impact on those with job insecurity, both mental and financial
- community resilience and informal ways of working to solve problems
- recognising the importance of inclusion
- learning that public sector systems can work well together, and when there is the will, significant changes can be made to how care and support is delivered. [1]
- Research from Public Health Wales shows the potential health and societal gains if childhood experiences are improved. In population terms, if there were no adverse childhood experiences, there could be 125,000 fewer smokers across Wales and some 55,000 fewer people who have ever used heroin and crack cocaine. This is cost-effective; the evidence shows that just over £100 invested in prevention of ACEs will result in over £6,000 of savings when measured across all public services over the next five years.
- There are a number of ways in which ACEs can be prevented or their impact lessened, including raising awareness of their importance, providing appropriate services for all families and reliable access to additional support for those who need it most. The benefits from this work points to the value of joint investments and partnerships between the NHS, local authorities and other services and agencies to effectively prevent ACEs in the future.
The 20 minute neighbourhood concept is about designing an urban society in such a way that residents can meet most of their daily needs within a short walk from home. Safe cycling and local transport options are key to this, as well as high quality public spaces, community services and housing densities that make the provision of local services and transport viable. The 20 minute neighbourhood was pioneered in Melbourne, Australia as a way of guiding the city’s development and transformation to 2050. In order to achieve long term sustainable changes to travel habits – to secure a green economy – the culture change needed to achieve modal shift (a shift to active travel for short journeys and public transport for longer journeys), might be best focussed on children and young people.
Office for National Statistics research has identified three groups most likely to have the poorest personal well-being,[2] and it suggests interventions should be targeted towards these groups:
- Unemployed or inactive renters with self-reported health problems or a disability
- Employed renters with self-reported health problems or a disability
- Retired homeowners with self-reported health problems or a disability
The “Inequality in a Future Wales” report recently concluded that we should look for opportunities to promote equality in policy development across all areas; and we should create opportunities for equalities advocates and policymakers to think and plan for the long-term in partnership as part of policy development processes.[3] Without targeted efforts, inequalities are likely to persist with women and people from a non-white background benefitting from the acquisition of green skills leading to jobs in green industries.[4] Climate change mitigation could benefit marginalised communities if equalities is factored into the thinking.[5]
[1] North Wales Social Care and Well-being Services Improvement Collaborative (2021), Locality Health and Social Care Needs Assessment North Wales.
[2] Measured in terms of one’s life satisfaction; feelings that things ones does in life is worthwhile; how happy or anxious one felt yesterday. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/articles/understandingwellbeinginequalitieswhohasthepoorestpersonalwellbeing/2018-07-11
[1] Dr Sara MacBride-Stewart & Dr Alison Parken (2021). Inequality in a Future Wales: Areas for action in work, climate and demographic change. The findings are summarised within a Summary Report and ‘Bite-size’ version with Easy Read and BSL versions available also. For those who are interested in the more detailed analysis you can access the full technical report.
[2] https://www.futuregenerations.wales/resources_posts/skills-through-crisis-upskilling-and-retraining-for-a-green-recovery-in-wales/
[3] Dr Sara MacBride-Stewart & Dr Alison Parken (2021). Inequality in a Future Wales: Areas for action in work, climate and demographic change. The findings are summarised within a Summary Report and ‘Bite-size’ version with Easy Read and BSL versions available also. For those who are interested in the more detailed analysis you can access the full technical report.
- Giving every child ‘a best start’
- Reducing the outward migration of young people & younger people as assets
- Supporting an ageing population
- Supporting carers
- Living in isolation & access to services
- Volunteering
- Tackling poverty & deprivation
- Supporting those with poor mental health
- People making healthy lifestyle choices
- Healthy life expectancy for all
- Tackling obesity (inc. childhood obesity)
- Increasing pressure on health and social services
- Emerging threats to health and well-being
- Tackling domestic abuse